Women in the Workforce

Women studies were established to enlighten women about various issues that affect women due to the nature of their gender which is perceived to be weak. These studies were found necessary because some women were not aware of their rights and thus they were subjected to humiliation by the society hence they were denied equal opportunities with their male counterparts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are organizations that assign duties to women and then under pay them while men are paid wages which are much higher for the same job. Women should use all means to ensure that they earn the same salaries with their team mates and thus they should check whether the difference is due to their gender. When women notice that they are being underpaid because of their gender they should arrange for an appointment with their employer so as to give the employer a room to explain his or her reasons. There are some administrators who think women are not as productive like men because they were born to take care of their children. Employers should give women equal opportunities just like men because they deserve them as long as they posses the relevant qualifications. Organizations should not undermine the abilities of women in achieving organizational goals because productivity in any organization does not depend on one’s gender but on the abilities and willingness to achieve desirable results. When women feel that their employer does not recognize their efforts they should consider boycotting their duties for some time to make employers realize their contributions. With this knowledge, it is important to include women in management positions and also buy their ideas in decision making process because they are also intelligent just like men. The major difference between women and men when performing duties is only that men are more masc uline than women and hence women can tire easily when doing manual jobs. The training offered at military training institutions has proved this perception to be wrong because while the recruits are being trained, they are given the same tasks and thus there is no separate training for each gender. The current shift from factory jobs to white collar jobs has seen many women join the workforce than ever before because a few decades ago, women were hindered from working since they were expected to take care of their children.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Vietnam war provided an opportunity for women in America to exercise their abilities but its certain that the then situation influenced employers to consider them because there were no men to work in their factories. All of them had been recruited into the army and were it not for the resulting scarcity of laborers, women wou ld have remained house wives. Since then women have realized that taking care of their children is impossible without a job. Thus, so many of them are pursuing higher education even when they are married with kids and their efforts have already started to bear fruits because more women are being accorded leadership duties both in governments and in organizations. In fact activists have been successful in their struggle for equality because most governments in developed and developing countries are reserving a considerable number of positions for women. In African countries, the society did not see the importance of educating the girl child because they viewed it as wastage of money. This is because as soon as she grew up she would be married off and would benefit the other family where she will get married. There are so many organizations that have been established to fight for the rights of women both at work places and homes. Gone are the days when women used to be beaten ruthless ly by their women because men thought by paying dowry they had been granted full ownership of the woman. Education has played a major role in enlightening women about their rights and most of them have realized they don’t need men anymore because they can meet their needs by themselves. This success that has been achieved by women is owed to their ambition and perseverance and men too should have the same ambitions. If you want to prove this statement to be right just visit any college during evening hours and you will notice the majority of students in those institutions are married women who come for evening classes after work because they want to advance their careers further. Some of these ladies are juniors at their workplaces but they are eager to climb the corporate ladder. Most men rarely advance their skills when they land their first jobs. Women have shifted their focus from marriage to their independence and that’s why so many are getting married at a later stage and some don’t get married but they don’t consider marriage to be that important because they want to have a say in their lives and thus they are taking high flying jobs such as chief executives and engineers among many others, which were previously taken by men. Men should therefore not look down upon women because time has proved women are also skilled just like men. This essay on Women in the Workforce was written and submitted by user Martha Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891, in Los Angeles, California to immigrant parents who moved the family to Bakersfield, California in 1894 where Warren would grow up.   Warren’s father worked in the railroad industry, and Warren would spend his summer working in railroading.   Warren attended the University of California, Berkeley (Cal) for his undergraduate degree, a B.A. in political science in 1912, and his J.D. in 1914 from the Berkeley School of Law. In 1914, Warren was admitted to the California bar. He took his first legal job working for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, where he stayed for one year before moving to the Oakland firm of Robinson Robinson. He remained there until August 1917 when he enlisted in the United States Army to serve in World War I. Life After World War I First Lieutenant Warren was discharged from the Army in 1918, and he was hired as a Judicial Committee Clerk for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly where he stayed until 1920.   From 1920 to 1925, Warren was Oakland’s Deputy City Attorney and in 1925, he was appointed as Alameda County’s District Attorney. During his years as a prosecutor, Warren’s ideology concerning the criminal justice system and law enforcement techniques began taking shape.   Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms as Alameda’s D.A., having made a name for himself as a hard-nosed prosecutor who fought public corruption at all levels. Attorney General of California In 1938, Warren was elected to California’s Attorney General, and he assumed that office in January 1939.   On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Attorney General Warren, believing that civil defense was a main function of his office, became the leading proponent of moving Japanese away from the California coast. This resulted in more than 120,000 Japanese being placed in internment camps without any due process rights or charges or any kind officially brought against them.   In 1942, Warren called the Japanese presence in California â€Å"the Achilles heel of the entire civilian defense effort.†   After serving one term, Warren was then elected as California’s 30th Governor taking office in January 1943.    While at Cal, Warren became friends with Robert Gordon Sproul, who would remain close friends throughout his life.   In 1948, Sproul nominated Governor Warren for Vice President at the Republican National Convention to be Thomas E. Dewey’s running mate.   Harry S. Truman won the Presidential election.   Warren would remain as Governor until October 5, 1953 when President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed him to be the 14th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Career as Supreme Court Chief Justice While Warren did not have any judicial experience, his years of actively practicing law and political accomplishments placed him in a unique position on the Court and also made him an efficient and influential leader.   Warren was also adept at forming majorities that supported his views on major Court opinions. The Warren Court rendered a number of major decisions. These included:   Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation policies in public schools unconstitutional,Loving v. Virginia, which declared anti-miscegenation laws (laws that enforced and/or criminalized racial segregation in marriage and intimate relationships) unconstitutional,Griswold v. Connecticut, which stated that the Constitution contains a general right to privacy,Abington School District v. Schempp, which prohibited mandatory Bible readings in schools,and Engel v. Vitale, which prohibited official prayer in schools. Also, Warren used his experiences and ideological beliefs from his days as District Attorney to change the landscape in the arena. These cases included:   Brady v. Maryland, which requires the government to provide exculpatory evidence to a defendant,Miranda v. Arizona, which requires that a defendant being questioned by law enforcement must be informed about his rights,Gideon v. Wainwright, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during Court proceedings,Escobedo v. Illinois, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during interrogation by law enforcement,Katz v. United States, which extended Fourth Amendment protection to all areas where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy,Terry v. Ohio, which allows law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a person if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person may be armed and presently dangerous.   In addition to the number of major decisions that the Court released while he was Chief Justice, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to lead what became known as â€Å"The Warren Commission† which investigated and compiled a report about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1968, Warren tendered his resignation from the Court to President Eisenhower when it became apparent that Richard Milhous Nixon would become the next President.   Warren and Nixon had a mutually strong dislike for each other stemming from events that occurred at the 1952 Republican National Convention.   Eisenhower attempted to name his replacement but was unable to have the Senate confirm the nomination.   Warren ended up retiring in 1969 while Nixon was President and passed away in Washington, D.C., on July 9, 1974.

Project Level 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Project Level 4 - Essay Example The academy needed an injection of cash to help refresh the campus and offer another two main courses. Information Technology and Nursing were decided to be the most in demand courses in the area and specifically I.T. so with the help of a local venture capitalist, who lives in the area, have decided to build three new state of the art buildings, one at each site, each with 10 classrooms with new computers and network. The expectation is to design the infrastructure of each site so that it is secure, reliable and inter operates with all of the other sites where necessary. There are 1200 students expected on the I.T course broken up into 30 classes of 20 over two (a morning and an afternoon) sessions each day. As well as a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) option for people who are unable to attend college. East Anglian Academy has approached me as a consultant to design and implement a computerised system that will enable students and teachers to access resources both locally and re motely from anywhere with an Internet connection. Other staff there includes a Human Resources department, Accounts, and Security. The budget set aside for the project is ?2 million but with some movement if necessary. Initial time plan and estimated project costs February 1st initial proposal planning February 8th initial proposal planning February 15th initial proposal planning February 22nd initial proposal planning February 29th complete proposed project March 7th research March 14th research March 21st research March 28th research April 4th research April 11th research April 18th analysis and design April 25th analysis and design May 2nd analysis and design May 9th analysis and design May 16th interim submission May 23rd costing May 30th costing June 6th costing June 13th complete project report and present to class The estimated initial project costs are as follows Computer Costs: ?390000 Server Costs: ?49000 Routers Costs: ?8000 Switches Costs ?60000 Cabling Costs ?25000 Labo ur Costs ?100000 Total Project Cost: ?632000 Allocated Budget: ?2000000 Justifications Security –separation from the students, teachers and office staff data, so each person can only gain access to what they are authorised to. Shared resources – all sites will be able to access resources across all three sites if authorised Offload the time and labour intensive tasks, like backups, to third party companies Reduce costs – all of the systems implemented will be on an IP network and can leverage its functionality by putting the latest technology on it for things like telephones, video cameras, door entry system, building controls like heating and lighting, and also allow for the management of it all from any locally connected administrator computer Have fixed IT budget moving forwards Functionality The new system for Anglian Academy will do the following Link all sites as one network Centralise all management to the HQ campus but allow micro managing at the branch campuses where necessary for local issues Gigabit local area network speed Wireless connectivity throughout the campuses Move all HR data to the HQ campus Link all security cameras to the HQ campus Make available online course material for students (VLE) Give redundancy at each campus in the event of

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate finance - Essay Example As per Grossman and Hart, takeover and mergers can create synergies or savings to the companies involved. For instance, in 2006, Arcelor of Luxemburg was taken over Mittal Steel of Netherland thereby making Arcelor Mittal, the world’s largest steel company. Some of the compelling reasons for takeover or merger is to expand the market due to the threat from competitors or to penetrate into new markets, to achieve cost synergies like eliminating duplicate functions, to attain higher productivity and to attain increased efficiency from acquired assets or to attain increased revenues and to achieve a higher return on investments for shareholders. Revenue synergy can result in access to the new distribution system, attaining extensions of brand and opening up new geographic markets. A takeover or merger strategy should be employed only when the acquiring company is able to enhance its networth through the positive employment of assets of the acquired company. It was established by previous empirical studies that above-average return is earned by the shareholders of acquired companies whereas the share prices of acquiring company is likely to fall immediately after the acquisition or merger. For instance, when Myogen, a pharmaceutical company is taken over by another pharmaceutical giant Gilead Sciences, there was a decline of 10 percent in Gilead’s stock whereas there was about 50 percent appreciation in Myogen’s stock. (Hoskisson 2008, p. 244). In the majority of the cases, mergers and takeovers had negative results like cost overruns, desertion of key employees, and even may leave black holes in the restructured balance sheet. (Greenblat 2011). Theory Though the merger and the takeover are often employed synonymously, there exists a variance in their economic impact between a takeover and a merger. In takeover, the acquiring company is trying to acquire control over the targeted company by acquiring more than 50% of its shares. In contrast, in merger, as per Hampton (1989), there is a merger of two companies to form a new company. Takeover or merger theories can be explained as below: Agency Theory This theory states that when the share price of a company is low, and then it forces the managers to initiate action either to enhance the share price in the market by performing well or to be taken over by a leader in the industry (DePamphills 2010, p. 41). Efficiency Theory It is divided into two – differential efficient theory which tries to improve the efficiency of a company in the same industry by a dominant company and inefficient theory. As per Copeland and Weston (1988), differential efficiency theory offers an academic base for horizontal takeovers whereas inefficiency theory offers insight on conglomerate takeovers (Lee &Lee 2006, p. 543). Market Power Hypothesis This theory explains that companies combine together to enhance their monopoly authority to quote the prices of the product which is not sustainable at a cutthroat competitive market. However, there is very little empirical support is available for this hypothesis (DePamphills 2010, p. 12). Free Cash Flow Hypothesis It is identical to that of agency theory and as per Jensen (1986), if the cash flow is in excess of that need to finance all takeovers or mergers which have net present values if discounted with the specific cost of capital (Lee &Lee 2006, p

Newspaper Coverage Of Celebrity Crimes Media Essay

Newspaper Coverage Of Celebrity Crimes Media Essay Media has a significant influence on people and so do the celebrities. These effects can be both positive and negative. The kind of coverage of celebrities and celebrity crimes by newspapers and magazines can influence the opinion of the public on the celebrity criminals. This kind of influence can be greatly attributed to the process by which the news about celebrity criminals is evaluated and presented for the readers to analyse. This paper is going to look at the effects of the print-media coverage of celebrity criminals which could be biased or unbiased and its influence on the public accordingly, thus questioning media credibility. Introduction My interest in traditional form of media i.e., the newspapers has always been deeper than the other forms of media. Also, I believe that news in the newspapers is better evaluated and helps to form a strong opinion about issues and events that occur globally. This interest in understanding the impact of newspapers on public opinion developed even further when I read about coverage of celebrity crimes. The manner in which news is presented in the newspapers whether it is about national or international celebrity crimes is something that caught my interest. In addition to this, my interaction with people of different ages and status regarding celebrity criminals considerably inspired me to choose this topic for my research. Prosperity of both science and culture has made people familiar with supply of information in abundance. Modern media, such as the internet, mobile phones, television and the traditional media such as newspapers and magazines make news and variety of information easily accessible to us. However, the most common form of news is that about the celebrities and public figures. It has become very evident in the recent times that media pays too much attention to the personal lives of the celebrities (popular figures). Addition to this, the important factor is that most of the reports on lives of famous people are always focused on brilliant achievements, lavish lifestyles and exaggerated enjoyments which overstate the attractive part and understate the painstaking part. Therefore, the masses especially young people are often biased and tend to perceive celebrities as their idols. They happen to adore their idols with such passion and zeal that the amount of negative news and information about celebrities can even change their perception towards life. The extent and quality of celebrity news in the media appears especially inordinate today, multiplying and intensifying at such a rate that legitimate news has fallen in precedence (Brown, 31). Whether it likes it or not, the public knows more about Britney Spears and how many pills she swallowed than about many political issues (Wright, 1). It is a known fact that in India we treat celebrities no less than god. And the Indian media being very well aware of this fact ensures that celebs and celebrity crimes get a lot of coverage so as to garner attention of the masses. In this process of covering celebrity related news, media tends to sensationalize the stories, often focusing on irrelevant details about celebrities instead of the main crime that has taken place. This research informs about the news coverage of celebrity crimes, the faith of public on media (print media) and the manner in which the presentation of such news coverage influences their opinion. In this vein, analyzing the content presented by newspapers, as well as celebrity-news magazines, offered the clearest method by which to examine how news on celebrity crimes is covered and publicized. Researching articles on the major, relevant topics of media ethics, the role of celebrity news in Indian society and credibility of media was instrumental in gaining a better understanding of the subject matter. More emphasis was placed on researching relevant topics, as it is difficult if not impossible to determine the exact effects of media coverage of celebrity criminals through a study or direct observation. One can constantly see and read about celebrity crimes, however the influence of such news on public opinion is what really matters. Through analysing media coverage of celebrity criminals, especially the print media with the help of several  examples  of celebrity crimes will enhance the objective of this research paper. The purpose of this  research proposal  is to s ee if media coverage of celebrity-crimes is biased and how this changes peoples opinion and perception on celebrities, thus questioning medias credibility. Articles and news reports covered by various newspapers (both English and regional), on the crimes committed by celebrities like Sanjay Dutt, Salman Khan, Shiney Ahuja, Saif Ali khan and many more were looked upon in this research paper. Also a survey was conducted to understand the effects of newspaper coverage of celebrity crimes and how it influences opinions of the public. The survey acts as a supplement to the newspaper articles that were analyzed to gain a better understanding of the objective of this research paper. The literature review provides Literature Review To understand the influence on the people of the portrayal of celebrity-criminals by media, it is important to understand the terms celebrity, crime, media bias and public opinion. These terms may not be connected with each other directly; however the understanding of these together would contribute in assessing the study of this paper. Celebrity The word celebrity is derived from the word celebrate, in that a person is supposedly famous because the community celebrates him or her (Rockwell, 20). The term celebrity indicates someone whose fame rests overwhelmingly on what happens outside the sphere of their work and who is famous for having lifestyle. The celebrity is thus constructed through gossip, press and television reports, magazine articles and public relations (Redmond Holmes, 99). Public Opinion Commonly the concept of public opinion is taken literally to mean the opinion of the public. While this is not incorrect, it constitutes a rather naÃÆ' ¯ve understanding of the concept. A more sophisticated conception must acknowledge the element of publicity in public opinion: public opinion as distinguished from private opinion. Indeed public opinion is a shared aggregate phenomenon. It is a collective social entity, and publicity is necessary for its formation. It is the knowledge of the very existence of others who share values, beliefs and concerns that forges a host of discrete opinions into a viable social entity (Shamir, 1). Based on these factors there have been researches that explain how biased media-coverage plays a crucial role in forming biased public-opinion. Media has a fixed agenda of providing certain news in a certain manner so that it is perceived in the manner that print media wants it to be perceived as by the people. Through their day-by-day selection and display of the news, editors and news directors focus our attention and influence our perceptions of what are the most important issues of the day. This ability to influence the salience of topics on the public agenda has come to be called the agenda setting role of the news media (McCombs, 1). This theory of agenda setting is applied by the media and describes a very powerful influence of media its ability to tell people what issues are important. It explains the correlation between media and people the rate at which media covers a story and the extent that people think this story is important. Studies into the agenda-setting function of the press confirm that media have a great deal of influence upon political decision making and that they are especially influential in telling the general population what to think about (Kuypers, 5).   The media tends to be biased whenever it provides flawed or irrelevant facts to support a certain viewpoint. It is also biased when it frames certain issues in a particular manner. Such framing is done so that the issue is perceived in a particular way. According to many scholars our perception of a certain issue is more or less dependent on the way the issue is framed (Kuypers, 7). There are millions of events that occur globally in todays world. And to examine these events and report about them there are thousands of people around the world who are employed by media organizations. The media decides and tells us which issues are important and which ones or not. We have never physically witnessed the war situations of Afghanistan, Iraq or even Kashmir. Despite this we have the pictures of these events in our heads. The media reports inform about the latest events and issues that are taking place in the world and are inaccessible to us. Thus, most of our perceptions about the world are based on the second-hand reality created by the media organizations. There is no guarantee that this reality is an accurate picture of the world (Saqib Riaz, 1). This explains how gate-keeping is done by the media, wherein it chooses the newsworthiness of certain news and evaluates it based on a variety of reasons and preferences. The aspects of a certain event that are covered in the news and the kind of importance that is given to these aspects leads to significant differences in peoples perception of that event. The portrayal of news stories results in the peoples understanding of the journalists consideration of important issues and who the most prominent public figures of the day are. Thus from the details of the coverage of news stories and their evaluation by the media helps the public form their perception of these news stories and the public figures (McCombs, 7-8). Thus from the above literature it is evident that public opinion is formed on the basis of the kind of information that media prioritizes and later provides to the public. The media does set the agenda of what is discussed around the world on a daily basis. It chooses stories that are reviewed by the public regularly. Not many people seem to be aware that the stories they read are picked by the media organizations before getting printed. The impact of someone selecting the news stories for the masses to read can be positive as well as negative. Therefore, even when crimes committed by celebrities are covered by the media, it tries to change peoples opinion depending upon a positive or a negative coverage of that particular news. Media can manipulate news using a variety of strategies that can alter peoples perception. It can navigate their audience through what it feels is potent and viable concerning topics specifically related to celebrity crimes. The aspects that contribute in the assessment of opinions of the public are the audiences of the media, their lifestyle, interests and their level of sophistication. Nevertheless, there are many other dependent variables that create a different representation of truth. And through this, media has the power to influence peoples point of view. 2.1 Media and Celebrities Usually news about celebrities is considered to be soft news (entertainment) unless a crime has been committed by a celebrity. Media today places a lot of importance to celebrity news. Reports of soft news outweigh the amount of hard news that gets reported in todays mass media including the traditional media i.e., the newspapers and magazines. According to Bennett (2007), some of factors affecting the increase of soft news include the economics of the news business, journalists dependence on sources who control information, routine news-gathering practices, professional norms and a need to fill the news hole that has been created by 24/7 news coverage. Celebrity focused, soft news tends to be quick and easy to report about. Additionally, such stories have proven to be popular among audiences and are easy to dramatize. Celebrity stories may also serve the uses and gratifications of many audience members. Bennett (2007) suggests that in addition to learning, many viewers use news to satisfy their needs for curiosity and surveillance, entertainment and escape, and social and psychological adjustment. With the advent of the Web and the Internet, increasing numbers of citizens turn to alternative information channels that deliver politically packaged information in a format better integrated with personal interests and various citizen-action options (Bennett, 2007). This statement is valid not only for politics but all kinds of news information. There are websites, magazines, newspapers, television stations, etc. to suit every different need and people have the choice to visit only the ones that interest them. Therefore, the shift seen in news coverage from informative to entertaining cannot be blamed solely on the media. Celebrities become products and are endowed with expertise outside of their celebrated areas (West Orman, 2003: 118). The celebrity culture today expects that stars be spokespersons for all kinds of issues, as well as bear the responsibility for issues that are problematic. This power is not derived from within these stars, but rather from the audiences interest in them. Celebrities are expected by many to be shining examples of model citizens, yet their good deeds like activism are overlooked in favour of scandalous, dramatic, negative reports about them (Amanda Jones, 2009: 8). This sheds light on how media portrays celebrities. There are times when media will provide sensationalized news about celebrities to garner attention and increase readership. Journalist Caspar Llewellyn-Smith makes this point when he states that the guiding principle of celebrity gossip magazines is to show famous figures off-guard, unkempt, unready and unsanitized (Llewellyn-Smith, 2002: 120, cited in Holmes, 2005: 23) (Holmes Redmond, 2006: 184). According to McCrackens findings, the mass media are, in effect, making a concerted effort to provide unflattering coverage of celebrity personalities. It is these kinds of news stories that are increasingly present in our every day mass media outlets. Such stories provide the drama and sensationalism that media consumers are looking for (2009: 311). The above literature explains that media often portrays the celebrities negatively by presenting sensational news about them. The news coverage on celebrities and celebrity crimes done by the media is negative often to create drama and stir the publics interest. 2.2 Media Coverage of Celebrity Crimes The role of the press is to educate and create awareness amongst the masses, however in the recent times it seems to have switched this role with that of entertainment. Instead of focusing on the details of the crimes committed by the celebrities, media tends to divert the attention to the celebrities lives and sensationalizes the news about them. In covering the most titillating or personal aspects of a story, present-day coverage often trivializes more important structural and procedural issues. During the 2005 Michael Jackson molestation trial, the Los Angeles Times, which ran approximately 317 stories on the case, printed only two pieces focusing on the crucial new California statute that allowed prosecutor Tom Sneddon to introduce evidence of past allegations against Jackson. Much of the Times coverage offered almost daily trial updates, which consisted primarily of subjective descriptions of the personal behavior and appearance of the various witnesses and courtroom actors in t he case (Fox et al., 2007: 6).

Mt. St. Helens

Helene eruption affected Washington State's Economy On Sunday, May 18, 1980, at 8:AMA, Mat. SST. Helene erupted. Most people don't realize how the eruption affected our economy. It affected Washington's forestry / forest production, trade, transportation, topography, fisheries, and wildlife. Our Economy lost millions of dollars. Let's see how it affected our economy. First, let's start with forestry/forest production. This affected companies which had been logging. The companies had to cut back on logging while the blasted timber was being harvested.Although the lack of umber caused fluctuations In the market prices for logs, such variation were outweighed in large measures by the downward pressure on market prices generated by the depressed level of the economy. Also, the presence of the ash on the ground and on the logs presented serious problems in harvesting of the logs, and their processing into products. The ash, being gritty in nature, caused extensive wear on chain saws, chip per knives, and other cutting equipment, thus raising costs of logging and of manufacturing. Also, Washington being one of the three Pacific Northwest states plays a role in trade.Washington particularly is important for products like wheat, flour, lumber, and wood products. The main loss was the ash damage to crops like fruit trees, wheat, and barley. The trade for lumber and wood products also decreased from the loss of trees. Trade was also affected from transportation. Without transportation they couldn't send the exports. Transportation was damaged by ash fall, mudslides, floods, and the blast. As a result that damaged 63 miles of roads, about 25 bridges, and blocked the Columbia River. The highest of all the bridges in the National Forest Service Land damaged was a gig steel- girder.Also, nine bridges by the Tuttle River. The combination of damage to roads and bridges was about $1 12 million dollars, A result of Mat. SST. Helene blow was mudslides In the Tuttle and Cowlick Riv er. When the cowl flooded water lost speed as they mixed with the Tidal Columbia; they could no longer carry nearly as much sediment. Consequently, somewhere between 40 million and 60 million cubic yards of volcanic material entered the Columbia River. The Columbia River was blocked no longer than a week. Traffic resumed 5 days after the eruption. TheColumbia River ports were capable of normal operation no longer than a month after the eruption. The damage of the Columbia River created a loss of about 4 percent of all cargo that would have been otherwise passed through the ports in 1980. The Columbia River repairs were $44 million dollars but it was of relatively short duration. The landscape (or topography) of the area around Mat. SST. Helene was greatly affected by the eruption. The blast blew approximately 1. 5 cubic kilometers off the top of the were a major product of the eruption. Most of the north and south forks of the Tuttle River were destroyed.Many other rivers around the mountain, like the Green River and the Cowlick River, had increased silt and sediment deposited, and thus their capacity for water flow and navigation reduced. The second the blast played with the river system, it was serious. The immediate danger was flooding. The communities around the Cowlick and Tuttle River were threatened by the mudflows. Erosion was another danger. In the blast area the devastation was almost complete. The grounds were stripped of vegetation and the natural barriers to erosion were destroyed. Immediately after the blast there was evidence of erosion on the hillsides.As the lilies eroded, it increased the amount of soil and rock. As time went by, the soil and rock then entered into the rivers. The damaging effect of Mat. SST. Helene eruption to fisheries was substantial. It resulted primarily from mudflows and floods. The eruption adversely affected the entire Mat. SST. Helene drainage system. All of the fish in the Tuttle and in the Cowlick Rivers were kille d by the eruption. Salmon was the main fish impacted. The majority of them were the young salmon (about 400,000) that were on their way downstream at the time of the eruption. The fisheries estimated a loss of about 12 million Juvenile almond.The salmon losses included all the salmon from all the affected rivers at that time. The dredging of the ship channels in the Columbia and Cowlick Rivers was also believed to have killed many fish. Normally there was no dredging at that time because of the fish migration, but large scale dredging was carried out during the eruption. Fish in the Columbia River were affected by temperatures caused by the eruption. All hatcheries in the region had their costs increased as a result of the necessity of cleaning up the ash that had entered their systems. There was also a cost associated with moving fish from one location to another.The blast destroyed about 154 miles of trout streams and 26 lakes. The total cost of damage for fisheries was about $22 million dollars. Finally, not only did fish die but so did other wildlife. It was estimated by the Washington State Game Department that 1 ,551 ,OHO animals (not including the fish) died because of the eruption. Among the casualties there were about 5,250 elk, 6,000 deer, 200 bears, 100 mountain goats, and 15 cougars. The blast destroyed 195 square miles of habitat. Wildlife in ash-covered areas suffered some chronic health damage room the ash fall, but didn't become a widespread problem.Respiratory damage to grazing animals was a major concern, but it usually develops only after years of exposure to airborne dust, so it didn't seem likely. The ash did not appear to be harmful when ingested by grazing animals, but it could injure fish. The ash was extremely sharp and could severely lacerate gills, causing injury or death. The grand total for everything was about 1,213 million dollars. Washington's Economy was definitely affected by Mat. SST. Helene eruption. I hope this information helps you understand how the eruption affected our economy.

Electronic Waste Popularly Known As E Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Electronic waste, popularly known as e-waste can be defined as electronic equipment or merchandises linking with power stopper or batteries which have become disused due to advancement in engineering, alterations in manner, manner and position. â€Å" E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic merchandises approaching the terminal of their utile life † ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . This includes cast-off computing machines, telecastings, VCRs, stereos, duplicators, facsimile machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries. Electrical and electronic waste ( e-waste ) is one of the most rising issues that has caught the attending of assorted parties including policy shapers, non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) and the general public globally. This turning concern is due to the of all time increasing volume of e-waste being generated ensuing in activities such as collection, leveling and disposal of e-waste that has caused environmental pollutions and inauspicious impact on public wellness ( Rosnani, 2010 ) . â€Å" E-waste in Malaysia is being regulated under the Environmental Quality Act ( Scheduled Wastes ) Regulations 2005 that came into consequence on 15 August 2005 † ( Rosnani, 2010 ) . The inclusion of e-waste the 2005 ordinance is to adequately command the direction of these wastes generated in the state every bit good as to enable Malaysia to forbid importing of used electrical and electronic equipment either for renovation or recovery merely for short term use, following which equipment is disposed off. Today, it is often cheaper and more convenient to purchase new machine to suit the newer coevalss of engineering than it is to upgrade the old. Expanding e-waste particularly nomadic phone and computing machine in all sort of sectors doing the increasing of the measure of e-waste. E-waste contains important measures of toxic waste. â€Å" Each computing machine or telecasting show proctor contains an norm of 4-8 lbs of lead. Monitor glass contain about 20 % lead by weight. About 70 % of heavy stuffs like quicksilver and Cd found in landfill come from electronic equipment discard † ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . These heavy metals and other risky substances found in electronic can pollute groundwater and present other environmental and public wellness. Furthermore, â€Å" the wellness impacts of the mixtures and material combination in the merchandises frequently are non known † ( Noraida, 2010 ) . The production of semiconducting materials printed circuit board, disc thrusts and proctors used peculiarly risky chemical. Therefore, one of the aim of this survey is to happen out the applicable direction of e-waste around the universe and their effects to human wellness. There are assorted issues of concerns with respect to e-waste disposal and recycling. This research proposal overview the issues specifically related to the export for recycling. Particularly, it discusses documented effects on human wellness and the environment that have been tied to insecure recycling patterns in developing states. It besides provides an overview of assorted factors necessary to be understand why e-waste disposal has become a concern on each states. Therefore, it is of import to hold a good e-waste direction in order to guarantee that it will non harm to human and environment. If we non make the recycling, these e-waste will be disposed off. There are several methods to dispose e-waste either landfill or incinerator or unfastened combustion. However, if we look at to it closely, all this method will give negative impacts to human and environment. Other than that, job related to installations and location of e-waste disposal is happening. â€Å" When we landfill the e-waste, it will pollute groundwater. If we incinerate e-waste, it will bring forth risky smelt and left risky residue. If we recycle the e-waste, it will harm the recycle squad. Last, we export the e-waste to other state † ( Noraida, 2010 ) . Now, we have no pick and scientist today should make more research on these job. E-waste direction demand to carry through different aims which go beyond pure proficient execution. Particularly in developing states and states in passage, which a lacking legal and institutional model, every bit good as losing substructure, e-waste direction demands for a comprehensive and structural attack. This has been echoed by assorted international organisations and enterprises, including the United Nation Developing Organization ( UNIDO ) , the United Nation Environment Programmed ( UNEP ) , the Basel convention, the Solving the e-Waste Problem ( StEP ) . Several development cooperation undertaking adopted a three measure attack.[ 1 ] Understand the current model status Developing a structured scheme in a multi-stakeholder attack Implementing the scheme through a roadmap with assigned duties and a timeframe The research will give good to all community. Government can either seek to avoid all the methods that can give negative impacts or if non, merely expression for the better direction we have around the universe that besides included in this proposal. It besides can give public consciousness for those concerns. . It is hoped that these research proposal will help in the better apprehension and direction of e-waste and a prompt action can be taken by the authorities to better what we have now before it is excessively late.Aimto happen out the issues and challenges on developing and implementing e-waste direction To happen out the applicable direction of e-waste around the universe and their effects to human wellness. To analyze the recommended actions that can be taken to undertake the e-waste issuesLiterature reappraisalAnalyzing E-waste Related Legislations and RegulationsIn its list of recommendations to battle illegal dumping of E-waste, the Basel Action Network ( BAN ) â€Å" urges authoritiess to coerce makers to take toxic chemicals from merchandises every bit shortly as possible. BAN besides calls on rigorous enforcement of the Basel Convention[ 2 ]and extol Australia for its attempts in that respect † ( Michael, 2012 ) . Sing issues in Australia, it requires full testing of electronic waste to attest that it complies with the Basel Convention before it is exported. The BAN study on dumping in Lagos calls the U.S. â€Å" the worst histrion † among developed states that perpetuate dumping of risky waste in developing states. Other topographic point, â€Å" Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection province that cathode beam tubing no longer be accepted at transportation Stationss, landfills or landfill operators or a punishment of USD 25000 for each discourtesy † ( Iswalah, 2008 ) . Transboundary motion of risky waste is con-trolled by the Basel Convention, which entered into forcein 1992.[ 3 ] In Malaysia, authorities statute laws have been introduce to command this state of affairs. First under Environment Quality Act! 974 Sect. 18 ( 1 ) . There are ; E-Waste classified as Scheduled Waste and given the codification of SW 110 E-Waste can merely be handled by accredited contractors. Act enforced by Department of Environment. Enforcement-oriented instead than Facilitation-oriented. ( PEWOG, 2009 )[ 4 ] Second is under ‘Public Cleansing and Solid Waste Management Act ( 2007 ) , it province that all waste belongs to the authorities or its contractor ‘ ( PEWOG, 2009 ) . The inquiry is the present of aggregation and processing activities illegal because all waste belongs to the authorities or its contractors. Then, confusion and uncertainness Begin to drift. Besides utilizing the Environmental Quality Act ( 1974 ) to pull off these wastes, the DOE is besides utilizing the â€Å" Custom Order ( Prohibiton of Import/Export ) Order 2008 to command the importing and export of e waste † ( Ong, 2009 ) .2. Issues And Challenges On Developing And Implementing3R ( Reduce, Reuse and Recycle )There are several methods to pull off all these e-waste stuffs. â€Å" The most safe, promote and cheapest is by 3R that are cut down, reuse and recycling † . it can be summarized as follows ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) : aˆ? Reduce: effort to cut down the sum of waste generated reduce/eliminate usage of toxic substances like lead and quicksilver. aˆ? Reuse: repeated usage of points or parts of points which are still useable aˆ? Recycle: usage of waste itself as resource Since e-waste recycling is mostly unregulated, accurate informations sing the terminal markets, both domestic and abroad, are non publically available. Therefore, it is hard to cognize how much e-waste that is collected for recycling is really exported for processing ( Linda, 2010 ) . In the waste direction hierarchy, 3R is high on the precedence list and state analysis paper by Malaysia in one of its forum[ 5 ]province that Malaysia is capitalising on engineerings which are environmentally friendly, proven and be effectual to heighten its 3R coders and activities in the state. The analysis paper besides province that the building, operation and care of workss utilizing such engineerings involves high capital and cost. The banking sector is rather loath to supply the fiscal support particularly when new engineerings are involved. We still have failing in recycling system around the universe. The substructure like web of waste aggregation, transit, and screening activities is still being developed. Then continue to the existent processing on the e-waste, if compared to recycling of paper, glass, and plastic, the procedure is more dearly-won and expensive. Most local governments in Malaysia did non hold a sound fiscal resources to pay for all the new engineerings carried out to handle and dispose the waste. Without the federal authorities intercession or committedness to supply the bridging finance, the debut of environmentally friendly and modern engineering will confront an acclivitous undertaking.[ 6 ] Then other job on the state of affairs when e-waste may be processed domestically after aggregation is besides limited. â€Å" A company that operates as a â€Å" recycler † may really be a waste consolidator that sends the waste to another seller. † Those downstream sellers may divide the units for reuse, ship whole units abroad for processing, or procedure it domestically to some other utilizations ( Linda, 2010 ) . Good intelligence is the electronics makers are presently driven by assorted forces to do their merchandises more easy reclaimable and with fewer risky components.[ 7 ]â€Å" Any future alterations to electronic devices have no impact, nevertheless, on the 100s of 1000000s of devices presently in usage or disused devices presently in storage † ( Linda, 2010 ) . Finally those devices will do their manner to the disposal or recycling markets.Disposal ( Incineration, Open Burning Or Landfilling )Incineration means destroy something particularly godforsaken stuff by firing. It is â€Å" associated with a major hazard of bring forthing and scattering contaminations and toxic substances † ( Mathias, 2010 ) . The gases released during the combustion and the residue ash is frequently toxic. Municipal solid waste ( MSW ) province that incineration workss have shown that Cu, which is present in printed circuit boards and overseas telegrams, â€Å" act as accelerator for dioxin f ormation when fire retardents are incinerated † ( Gongkia, 2000 ) . At this clip incineration of toxic e-waste is taking topographic point without much limitation around the universe, particularly in poorer states. Incineration of electronic waste should be the last resort and should be at a lower limit if non wholly banned ( April, 2010 ) . Lapp goes to open firing which releases many pollutants into environment Since unfastened fires burn at comparatively low temperatures, they release many more fume than in a controlled incineration procedure ( Hawari and Hassan, 2010 ) When we landfill the e-waste, the jobs comes by the leachate produces. It is frequently contains heavy metals and other toxic substances which can pollute land and H2O resources. Even state-of-the-art landfills which are sealed to forestall toxins from come ining the land are non wholly tight in the long-run ( Singh et al. , 2012 ) . Significant impacts from landfilling could be avoided by conditioning risky stuffs from e-waste individually and by landfilling merely those fractions for which there are â€Å" no farther recycling possibilities and guarantee that they are in state-of-the-art landfills that respect environmentally sound proficient criterions † ( Gongkia, 2000 )Exportâ€Å" In America, harmonizing to National Safety Council ( 1999 ) , presently the cheapest e-waste recycling option in the US is to direct e-waste overseas † ( McCarthy, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , up to 80 % of American recycle e-waste is exported to poorer states. â€Å" However, how it is used or disposed of there is mostly unknown † ( McCarthy, 2002 ) . Example in Guiyu[ 8 ], China, the Personal computers and peripherals organizing mountain and overruning into streets, with its people doing a life depriving off PC portion with their bare custodies. Ministry of environment in India showed no consequences refering study of e-waste, but the ministry admits that a 100 % controls of the boundary lines is non possible. What complicate the job is that computing machine waste, which does non hold any resale or reuse value, is openly burned or disposed off in landfills. Although it is hard to cognize precisely how much e-waste collected for recycling is exported, it appears that India or developing states in Asia or Africa are most likely to have e-waste. In these country, kids and grownups are non have oning safety to level the e-waste in order to sell salvageable points. The remainder of the stuffs are burned or buried. In Ghana, China and India, many of the workers are kids, possibly well exposed to these risky stuffs ( Kevin, 2007 )[ 9 ].3. Management of E-waste in Malaysia.Malaysia has been seting a batch of attempt to eliminate this job before it gets relentless and out of control. â€Å" The ‘Recycle Personal computer ‘ run, spearheaded by the Association of the Computer and Multimedia Industry of Malaysia ( PIKOM ) and waste direction company Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd[ 10 ], is picking up steam since its launch in March 2005 † ( Vatis, 2005 ) . This run aims to make environmental consciousness by promoting the populace and admin istrations to recycle Personal computers and the peripherals. Between the period of March 10 and April 30, 2005, Alam Flora has collected 816 computing machines and peripherals. This includes 194 computing machine proctors, 147 cardinal treating units ( CPUs ) 428 pressmans, and 47 assorted Personal computer constituents ( Karim, 2005 ) Panasonic Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. is among the first corporations to reply the call to recycle when it handed over 60 used Personal computers and laptops to Alam Flora within a hebdomad from establishing the Personal computer recycling run. The Nipponese engineering giant besides pledged to donate more Personal computers to the Recycle PC run each clip its embarks on a Personal computer upgrading exercising. Alam Flora has assigned aggregation points and recycling centres all over the state for people to drop off their old Personal computers ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . Malaysia is non a finish for others states put their e-waste. The non-systematic exportation and disposal of e-waste will give menace to our environment. Because of that, Department of Environmental is undergoing a research on ‘take dorsum policy ‘ specifically for promote the manufacturer companies to take back the electric and electronic that do non desire to be used any longer for being recycle or dispose in safety ways ( Douglas, 2010 ) . Scrap computer/ television/ mobile phone and other e-waste Free/ sell Scrap aggregator Middlemen/ junkshops Recycling Centres 2nd manus point Disposal installation Sell e-waste recylers Pre-treatment ( separation ) Scrap plastics/ others Natural stuffs Main board Electronic constituent Export market/ reassembling Local market Re-furnish/ recondition recycling Figure 1: Materials flows of e-waste in Malaya ( Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2005 ) Presently, â€Å" there are 138 e-waste recovery installations in Malaysia. 16 out of them are the full recovery installations and the other are the partial recovery installations † ( Rahman, 2008 ) . The chief engineering employed to retrieve e-wastes in footings of cherished metal in Malaysia is still limited to wet chemical procedures and electrolysis.StatePartial recovery installationFull recovery installationJohor 17 3 Kedah 12 1 Melaka 12 3 Negeri Sembilan 5 1 Perak 4 0 Pulau Pinang 37 6 Sarawak 5 0 Selangor 25 2 Wilayah persekutuan 5 0 Entire 122 16 Grand sum 138 Table 1: distribution of e-waste recovery installations in Malaysia. ( Rahman, 2008 ) But some of them that do non traveling to recycle are required to be transported by accredited contractors and dispose off in the centralized scheduled waste intervention and disposal installation in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. ( Theng, L. C. , 2008 )[ 11 ] The Bukit Nanas Waste Management Centre in Bukit Pelanduk, Negeri Sembilan, has the state ‘s sole landfill for risky waste. Here waste that has been treated, stabilized and packed in membranophones or lasting plastic bags are buried in the landfill.4. Effectss On Environment And Human HealthHarmonizing to Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , more than 3.2 million dozenss of e-waste ended up in us landfills. European surveies estimate that the volume of e-waste is lifting by 3 % to 5 % per twelvemonth, about three times faster than municipal waste watercourse. Therefore, early action demands in order to undertake this job before it is traveling up in our state. From Basel Action Network ( BAN ) , estimate that the 500 million computing machines in the universe contain 2.87 billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kg of lead and 286700 kg of quicksilver. Table 2 shows some of the risky stuff that contain in the computing machine and their effects to human and the environment. Hazardous stuff Location Effectss Lead Soldering of printed circuit boards and other electronic constituent Glass panels in computing machine proctors ( cathode rays tubing ) Damage to the cardinal and peripheral nervous system, blood system and kidney in homo. effects to the hormone system negative effects on the development of the encephalon in kids have been good documented ( Howell, 2001 ) . Cadmium SMD bit resistances, infrared sensors and semiconducting materials. Possible hazard of irreversible effects on human wellness ( Howell, 2001 ) . Easily be accumulated in sums that cause symptoms of poisoning Mercury Batteries, switches/ lodging, and printed wiring board. Causes chronic harm to the encephalon. Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) Cabling and computing machine lodging. Cause of dioxin[ 12 ]formation. Brominated Flame Retardant Printed circuit board act as endocrinal disrupters cause an increased hazard of malignant neoplastic disease to the digestive and lymph systems cut down degrees of the endocrine tetraiodothyronine[ 13 ]in open animate beings. Table 2: toxic chemicals contain and their effects ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . Assorted scientific observations indicate that polybrominated diphenylethers ( PBDE ) might move as endocrinal disrupters. The degrees of PBDEs in â€Å" human chest milk are duplicating every five old ages and this has prompted concern because of the consequence of these chemicals in immature animate beings † ( Howell, 2001 ) In add-on, administration for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1993 province that hexavalent Cr besides exists in some of e-waste. It can easy go through through membranes of cells. It causes strong allergic reactions even in little concentrations. Asthmatic bronchitis is another allergic reaction â€Å" linked to chromium VI. Chromium VI may besides do DNA harm † ( Howell, 2001 ) The incineration, land-filling, and illegal dumping of electronic wastes all contribute toxic chemicals to the environment. Environmental impacts includes taint of all local environmental media like dirt, air, surface H2O and land H2O. For illustration, the primary risky recycling operations in Guiyu involve ; Metallic recovery that involves in unfastened combustion of wires to obtain steel and Cu, cathode beam tubing checking to obtain copper-laden yokes, perturbing and combustion of circuit boards to take solder and french friess, and acid depriving french friess for gold. Plastic recycling through splintering and thaw ; and dumping of stuffs that can non be further processed ( such as leaded CRT glass and burned circuit boards ) and residues from recycling operations such as ashes from unfastened burn operations, spent acerb baths, and sludges ( Yan, et Al, 2009 ) . Children in Guiyu were found to hold blood lead degrees ( BLL ) that were significantly higher than those in the adjacent small town. Elevated BLLs in Guiyu kids were common as a consequence of exposure to take taint caused by crude e-waste recycling activities ( Xia, 2007 ) .. Prevents Options To Undertake The E-wastesIn this subdivision, some actions that can be adopted are reviewed. Almost all of these actions have to be carried out at the same time. Someof them are targeted to make a wider consciousness amongst the end-users.Adhering buying with take-back merchandise dutyThe purpose of drawn-out manufacturer duty is to promote manufacturers to â€Å" forestall pollution and cut down resource and energy usage in each phase of the merchandise life rhythm through alterations in merchandise design and procedure engineering â€Å" ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . Hence, the manufacturers have a great trade of duty to take back their merchandises and recycle them at the terminal of the merchandises ‘ operational lives. It puts full fiscal duty on manufacturers to put up aggregation, recycling and disposal systems. In Malaysia, suited â€Å" take strategy on e-waste will heighten the direction of e-waste † ( Rahman, 2008 ) . He province that Voluntary take back strategy of e-wastes has non been implemented widely by the producer/ importer of electronic and electrical equipment, therefore a mandatory demand of return dorsum strategy through statute law is required.Political campaign to increase consciousnessIf E-waste causes jobs, the first precedence should be to cut down its coevals. In this respect, â€Å" consumers in exporting states should alter their life styles † ( Moriguchi et al, 2006 ) Other we can make by giving some â€Å" wages to the populace to promote them affect in 3R and the wages is non necessary in sort of money † ( Iswalah, 2008 ) . The end-user should reach the local or province authorities representatives, â€Å" explain to them why he or she is concerned and inquire them to acquire involved in developing solutions † ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) . â€Å" By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organisations, and lower-income households can afford to utilize equipment that they otherwise could non afford † ( Hawari and Hassan, 2008 ) .Swiss Association for the Information, Communication and Organizational Technologies ( SWICO ) systemThis system compared to other is one of the most best direction of e-waste nowadays.The system considers material flows related to electronic equipment from the point where it becomes waste until the point where the fractions ensuing from screening, leveling, recycling and disposal processes become secondary natural stuffs or are disposed of in a landfill ( Doka, 2003 ) . So, how its work? Harmonizing to Muller and Esther ( 2009 ) , Manual dismantlement is the first measure, more traditional manner to divide risky stuffs from reclaimable stuffs, and to bring forth reclaimable stuffs from electronic waste. In a pre-sorting procedure, the incoming e-waste foremost is separated into the different classs. Then, mechanical dismantlement, the typical constituents of it works oppressing units, shredders, magnetic centrifuges and air centrifuges. The exhaust gases are clean up in waste gas purification workss and the dust generated collected with dust filters. And for refinement, it is included mechanical, thermic and chemical procedures and typically performed for fractions such as batteries, ferric and non-ferrous metal, reclaimable plastic and printed boards.MethodologyMost of the methodological analysis of my research proposal is by making library and internet research. It is of import to acquire background information and to analyze the past research. It is besides utile to do the literature reappraisal. I will travel through some of the diaries, articles, studies and undertakings at that place. To acquire better apprehension, I will acquire some interviews with the workers at Department of Environtment ( DOE ) to acquire inside informations informations about how e-waste is pull offing in Malaysia and by and large around the world.. I besides will travel for interview with Prof. Aghamuthu[ 14 ]( lector in UM ) for his sentiments. By utilizing recording equipment, all the conversations and duologues will be recorded. Survey is besides utile to acquire the information. It will be distributed them to the workers that work in landfill site particularly in Bukit Nanas, Negeri Sembilan. The study contain more on look intoing their organic structure ‘s wellness and to be related with the symptoms due to toxic discarded from e-waste. Site visit besides involved in my methodological analysis. It will take up to a to the full twenty-four hours for me to see all the procedure. It is besides to do certain that I will non go forth behind all the of import information. Along the visit, camera will be used to take exposures at that place to assist me acquire a better analysis.Expected end productThere still a batch of issues that should be see in pull offing the e-waste..Work PlanThe work program start in hebdomad three and it takes about 11 hebdomads to complete it.WeeksActions3 Choose the rubric To do certain that the rubric is non to contract or wide, and to do certain it can be done on the clip given. 4-7 Library and internet research By collected, take note, and borrows the stuffs from them before farther analyse. 8-10 reappraisal and Analyse informations Form all the information into the construction of research proposal and associate the information of one reading to another. 11-13 Presentation work Fix the slide that summarize the research proposal. 14 Submit study Make some fix on the deficiency and remark from presentation.BudgetEstimated budget:ItemPrice ( RM )Transportation system – for fuel and public transit 100.00 Prints – for study ‘s paper, and all the reading stuffs that can non be borrowed. 20.00 Gift – for interviewers 30.00 entire 150.00